Corporate governance: an introduction

Corporate governance is necessary for effective, entrepreneurial and prudent management that can deliver the long-term success of a company.

Effective governance involves supervising the management of a company and managing risks so that business is done competently, with integrity and with due regard to the interests of all stakeholders. It embraces regulation, structure, best practice and board ability.

In the UK, the Companies Act 2006 is the overarching legislation which sets out the legal requirements for corporate decision making, and the consequences of getting it wrong.

The UK Corporate Governance Code (the Code) then sets out standard of good practice aims to achieve more open and rigorous procedures, and requires all companies with a premium listing of equity shares in the UK to report on their application of the Code in their annual report and accounts.

The Code is complemented by the UK Stewardship Code which sets out the principles of effective stewardship by investors and in so doing, assists institutional investors to better exercise their stewardship responsibilities.

The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) monitors the Codes and publishes an annual report on their impact and implementation. The FRC requires listed companies to disclose how they have applied the principles and whether they have complied with the provisions – a ‘comply or explain’ approach.

The Code provides a guide to a number of key components of effective board practice including:

• Leadership: every company should have an effective board which is collectively responsible for the long term success of the company.
• Effectiveness: the board should have the appropriate balance of skills, experience, independence and knowledge of the company to enable them to carry out their duties effectively.
• Accountability: the board should present a fair, balanced and understandable assessment of the company's position and prospects
• Remuneration: executive directors' remuneration should aim to promote the long term success of the company and performance related elements should be transparent.
• Relations with shareholders: there should be a dialogue with shareholders based on the mutual understanding of objectives.

The Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) Committee published recommendations following an inquiry launched in 2016 into the governance of UK companies. As a result, the FRC has consulted ion revisions to the Code. Read our response to the consultation. If these changes are implemented, it will mark one of the most significant changes to corporate governance in recent years, particularly for how boards are expected to measure and understand workforce issues. 

An important aspect of the consultation was employee voice. The FRC is testing three options for improving how boards use the voice of the workforce:

• Giving a non-executive director responsibility over workforce issues
• Establishing a workforce director (so-called “worker on the board”)
• Establishing an employee advisory committee.

The FRC will also report on introducing:

• a mandatory reporting of pay ratios between chief executives and workers
• a new public register of listed companies that have faced significant shareholder opposition to executive pay packages.

Corporate governance is important as it helps to foster cooperation internally and promote the image of the company to its stakeholders and the public. Since its introduction, the Code has contributed to an improved framework in the UK which encourages discussions internally, with stakeholders, and promotes ethical business practices. Our Hidden figures report looks at how organisations in the UK FTSE 100 are reporting on their people practices.

Listen to our podcast - Does corporate governance need fresh thinking? which discusses the current state of UK corporate governance and what HR professionals can do to create a better system for the future.

The Bribery Act 2010 brought together various pieces of law relating to bribery. It introduced four offences, including the corporate offence, which occurs when an organisation fails to stop people operating on its behalf from being involved in bribery. Organisations, led by the directors, are recommended to:

• Name a person responsible for all anti-bribery actions.
• Promote anti-bribery culture.
• Have a clear anti-bribery policy.
• Develop clear financial controls for large financial transactions.
• Train staff on anti-bribery to enable the correct actions when issue arise.
• Ensure an effective whistleblowing system is in place.
• Make clear the gifts and hospitality protocol.
• Specific clauses relating to anti-bribery and fraud should be included in contracts where appropriate.
• Detailed risk assessments and evaluations should be undertaken to highlight issues and learn from issues that may have occurred.

The Modern Slavery Act 2015 introduced a new requirement for companies, including those carrying out charitable, educational or public functions, with an annual turnover worldwide of £36 million or more, supplying goods or services in the UK (estimated to amount to 12,000 organisations), to publish a yearly statement setting out what they have done (or not done) in the previous 12 months to prevent slavery and forced labour practices in their own businesses and supply chains.

The statement, signed by a board director, must be published prominently on the company’s website as soon as possible, and no later than six months (according to Home Office guidance) after the organisation’s financial year end. The Modern Slavery Registry carries over 7,000 statements from nearly 6,000 companies made under the UK legislation.

A government report on how well the Act is working is due out in 2019. The government intends to publish a list of non-compliant organisations after that date.

The CIPD’s modern slavery statement is on our Governance webpage.

Directors have a responsibility to promote the success of the company and are individually responsible for their actions. There are civil consequences in the event that a director breaches any of the duties. The duties are enforceable by:

• damages or compensation for the loss suffered by the company
• restoration of company’s property
• an account of profits made by the director
• cancelling a contract, if the director failed to disclose their interest.

A failure by a director to declare their interest in an existing transaction or arrangement is an offence and may give rise to a fine.

Boards are encouraged to think collectively and work towards compliance with the Code. This says:

‘Every company should be headed by an effective board which is collectively responsible for the success of the company. The board’s role is to provide entrepreneurial leadership of the company within a framework of prudent and effective controls which enables risk to be assessed and managed.’

'The board should set the company’s strategic aims, ensure that the necessary financial and human resources are in place for the company to meet its objectives and review management performance. The board should set the company’s values and standards and ensure that its obligations to its shareholders and others are understood and met.’

A key issue for boards is how they incorporate diverse backgrounds and perspectives into their decision making. Gender at board level is one such challenge which has been recognised by government and the Hampton Alexander review aims to achieve board representation of 33% women by 2020.

Public sector boards

Outside private and public companies boards of directors exist in the public, charity, health and voluntary sectors. Though the aims of these organisations are very different from those of commercial companies they still require the same management and accountability in the form of robust corporate governance.

Public sector bodies, such as the Cabinet Office, have produced guidance and case studies on corporate governance issues for public sector boards and for people wishing to take up public appointments.

Voluntary sector boards

The boards of voluntary or charitable organisations play a similar role to those in the public and private sectors. The positions are often unpaid but that does not mean that they are not as important. There has been much interest in developing good governance, including effective people management and development practices, in voluntary organisations. The National Council for Voluntary Organisations has produced guidance and advice on trustee and governance issues.

Composition of the board

The size and complexity of the organisation will usually determine the size of the board. In a small company the board may consist of just the managing director (MD) and one other. In larger organisations it could comprise the chair, chief executive, executive directors (EDs) and non-executive directors (NEDs).

From October 2015, the Small Enterprise, Business and Employment Act 2015 dictates that a corporate entity may not be a director of a company. There will also be a minimum age of sixteen years. The Code recommends that within all listed public limited companies, the board should include an appropriate combination of executive and non-executive directors (and, in particular, independent non-executive directors) such that no individual or small group of individuals can dominate the board’s decision taking. The Code also recommends that companies below FTSE 350 should have at least two independent non-executive directors.

The role of the chair is to lead and manage the board, to be responsible for setting the board's agenda and to ensure that meetings are conducted properly, order is kept, the agenda is followed, items are discussed and decisions made. The Code recommends that the chair should be responsible for the leadership of the board and for ensuring effectiveness in all aspects of its role.

The chair is appointed in accordance with the articles of the company. The chair has a crucial role in ensuring that the executive directors and non-executive directors work together with a common purpose, using their different skills and competences, and promoting openness and debate. The Cadbury Review likened the role of the chair to that of an orchestra conductor – striking a balance between focused discussion and general debate for the overall effectiveness of the board.

The Code recommends that the chair should be independent and a chief executive should not go on to be chair of the company.

The executive directors (EDs) will run the company's business and will often be directors of functions such as finance, HR or operations. Much has been written on which functions should be represented at board level and it is for each organisation to decide the composition of its board.

However, EDs with certain titles should be aware that in light of the new directors' duties they will be judged to have the required specialist knowledge to carry out those roles.

Non-executive directors (NEDs) have the same duty of care as EDs. Therefore before taking up any director appointment, it is vital to undertake a personal 'due diligence' to understand the company and the expectations placed on NEDs.

The board may decide to delegate some of its authority to committees. The committees usually established are:

• audit committee
• nomination committee
• remuneration committee and, in some cases,
• ad hoc/special committees for a specific task (for example, risk committees in the financial services, following the Walker Review).

Each committee will have terms of reference and will normally report back to the board at agreed intervals. Each committee should also have the appropriate balance of skills, experience, independence and knowledge.

Audit committee

The governing principles for audit committees in the Code are based on the conclusions and recommendations of the Smith Report. The Code recommends that at least one member of the audit committee should have recent and relevant financial experience. The FRC's Guidance on Audit Committees gives more detail.

Nomination committee

The nomination committee undertakes the selection of all new board appointments. Once the recruitment and selection process is complete the committee will recommend new appointments to the board. Again, the Code recommends that the nomination committee should have a majority of NEDs.

Remuneration committee

The remuneration committee sets the remuneration for the EDs and the board chair, and increasingly considers pay across the organisation, including issues relating to gender pay gap reporting. The Code recommends that only NEDs should sit on the committee and that the remit should include the monitoring of remuneration packages of senior managers who are not EDs.

Remuneration committees are under pressure to address excessive executive pay given escalating pay at the very top of organisations. We’ve conducted research into executive pay, and we’re exploring the future of the remuneration committee.

Contacts

Institute of Directors website - briefings on corporate governance (some briefings are available to IOD members only)

Acas – Bribery 

GOV.UK – Modern slavery

Safer Jobs

Books and reports

CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT. (2016) A duty to care? Evidence of the importance of organisational culture to effective governance and leadership. London: CIPD.

MOORE, M. (2017) Corporate governance: law, regulation and theory. London: Palgrave.

SIMPSON, J. and TAYLOR, J.R. (2013) Corporate governance, ethics and CSR. London: Kogan Page

Visit the CIPD and Kogan Page Bookshop to see all our priced publications currently in print.

Journal articles

BURT, E. (2018) Mismanagement of pension funds by reckless bosses ‘to become criminal offence’. People Management (online). 20 March.

CLARK, E. (2017) Employment practices are a key plank of good corporate governance. People Management (online). 15 November.

OLIVER, C. (2016) Being real about governance. Board Leadership. Vol 2016, No 143, November/December. pp4-8.

OZANNE, S. (2018) Modern slavery act: why corporate accountability is set to rise. People Management (online). 17 October.

PARRY, O. (2016) Good governance: putting the UK business house in order. Director. Vol 70, No 3, November. pp60-65.

CIPD members can use our online journals to find articles from over 300 journal titles relevant to HR.

Members and People Management subscribers can see articles on the People Management website.